Walt Dysney Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walt Dysney - Case Study Example The three key elements of such a technology project plan are described below; a. Databases: Detailed information about the existing customers, prospective customers, types of services available, customer orders, other inventory items etc. forms a crucial component of the database. The information, thus generated, can be used to track the periodicity of the customer/s in using the services of the company, tracking of orders, customer preferences etc. Such information can subsequently be used to improve the services of the company. b. Programming: After the company has set up the requisite databases, there's a need to integrate the different database items into one common entity to make the online experience a wholesome e-commerce activity. This can be achieved when there is built-in programming and software coding to assist the database integration and providing a useful user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI can be of different types for different segment of customers. The programming also facilitates creation of the order/s, invoice generation, accepting the payment and communicating the shipping details. The programming must make the e-commerce website easy to handle even for a non-technical user. Programming tools like visual basic, java, html, C++ etc. are the most popular one's for creating a user friendly interface. c. Networks: For providing a reliable communication networks function as the backbone. In today's era of Information Technology the world is increasingly becoming networked, technical, and closer to each other. Communication networks are generally defined based on their size and complexity. In general the three main types of networks are Local Area Networks (LAN), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN). Networks not only help the company in information/ data sharing, but it also helps in improving efficiency and reducing costs. When the databases are interconnected though internet or any other type of networking, it also helps in reducing data redundancy and simplification of error handling mechanism. The company can opt for an appropriate network depending upon the type of requirements. Intranets will be used by the company people to update the information for the general user. For example to connection all adjoining database centres within premises the compan y can set up a LAN; to connect two or more company offices within the city the company can set up a MAN while for connecting such data centres located across the countries or regions, it can set up a WAN. Internet will of course be the interface for the user and company officials on the move. Networks will therefore be extremely useful to manage customer orders and inventory. In addition to the above mentioned elements the technology implementation plan requires use of some more assisting technologies so that the new technological solution does not adversely affect any individual/ party concerned with the company. i. Use Cases in System Analysis and Design: Henney (2007) states that, "A 'use case' represents a case of use of a system, ideally one that captures a functional requirement in terms of an identifiable and testable goal." Therefore Disney

Does data and analysis present a good argument Debating the research Assignment

Does data and analysis present a good argument Debating the research method of an article - Assignment Example The large size of sample is associated with biasness during presentation due to the work load involve, a confirmation that differences are as a result of size bias not mode selected. Sampling mistake arises in the sampling procedure itself as not all parties of the outline population are assessed (Easterby-Smith et al 2003). Normative model is used during web surveys as opposed to paper and pencil procedures. What I could have suggested for the authors of the article is to reduce the sample size. By using accommodating sample size it is easy to manage the sample bias. Normative model presents an opportunity for participants not to pay much attention as compared to face to face or telephone surveys (Easterby-Smith et al 2003). I would suggest combining normative model with instrumental model to improve sample bias and check ramifications of low response rate (Vieira et al 2002). The research relied mostly on qualitative research rather than employ mixed research method. Vieira, W., De La Tour, K., & De La Tour, S. (2002). Projectiology: a panorama of experiences of the consciousness outside the human body. Brazil, International Institute of Projectiology and

Can qualitative research be valid and reliable Essay

Can qualitative research be valid and reliable - Essay Example This is because without the help of this guideline we cannot determine whether when standard procedures are used to analyze data, will result to inferences that are biased. This suggests that it only by understands the activities in data generation process that will enable one produce a valid explanatory inference. Kirk and Miller (1985:25) state that most methodologies used in qualitative research come in package with a range of reliability checks but none with validity. Therefore, social science relies almost completely on methods that are used to assure reliability considering that ideal validity is not achievable in theory. This idea is based on the fact that all measurement is to some extent are suspect because all measuring instruments cannot be perfectly controlled. This brings an argument that the tool used to measure in a research is closely related to the subject under observation and to that; it is apparently providing applicable data. According to Silverman (2006:43), it is not to be assumed that the only way to ascertain the validity of qualitative research is through the use of techniques used in quantitative research. Other attempts have been made to establish qualitative investigations validity. The decision of which observation is to be selected in qualitative research, is very critical for the conclusion of the study and to the degree its product’s determination and its reliability. Many opportunities are present that permit bias to interrupt our selection methods. This is because often selection conditions in qualitative research are implicit and made with no self conscious challenge to assess possible biases. Many sources of biases are invited when randomness is abandoned during selection (King, Keohane and Verba, 2001:128). According to Silverman (2006:279-89), reliability in the context of qualitative research has been related to the generation of a measurable concept. This implies that consistently recording of observations is a re liable method. Similarly, researchers believe that reliability is the dependability of the degree of consistency. Having pointed out that, researchers use a variety of methods when collecting data such as interviews, participation and documents among others to collect their observations hence creating a consistent record of observations (Rubin and Babbie, 2010). Though opinions vary regarding the degree of reliability that can be addressed in qualitative research, there is a sound interpretation by Silverman that need to be considered. When measuring a concept by construct validity, the measure of a concept is related to another concept’s measure whereby the two concepts are said to be related, illustration of construct validity is done in this way. This involves a researcher to specify that the two concepts are related (Ragin, Nagel and White, 2004). This implies that when the measures are related, each measure has construct validity of the other but if they are not related then there is no construct validity. Measures lack face validity if good reasons emerge to question the correlation of the measure to the concept under study. This measure of validity is

Comparing and contrasting the Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis 1-11 Essay

Comparing and contrasting the Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis 1-11 (Religious Studies) - Essay Example Many people are telling that the flood in Gilgamesh is the same with the flood in Genesis. Definitely, it is not. The God in Genesis is not the same as the Mesopotamian deities. Understanding this fact give us a clear view point of a concrete difference between both accounts. Considering that there might be some similarities in the flow of the story however, the mere authority whom both accounts recognize builds a definite margin line that establishes their differences. Many people most especially those who devote themselves in religious and historical literature know the famous story about the great flood that can be found both in the Book of Genesis and of the Mesopotamian Gilgamesh. The stories are very much the same, however making a close comparison about details showed that they are very different. The God in Genesis is also more reasonable than that of the Mesopotamian gods. Understanding what has been the reason for flood will give us the clear idea of the differences of the character of the God in Genesis and of the Mesopotamian gods. The biblical account showed that God has seen how people have turned wicked. It has never been the will of the God of the Bible that man will stay wicked and will be unpunished. Because of that he decided to save Noah and his family from those evil people and the way by which it could be done is through the flood. The mere reason for that flood is to end the wicked generation that God of the Bible has seen existing during the time of Noah. On the contrary, the main reason why the gods in Gilgamesh caused the flood is because of the noise that the people create. The gods decided for a flood simply because they can not sleep (Gilgamesh 12). The unanimous decision of gods is to cause a flood and to make no any man survived. Ea who created man does not want it to happen. Meaning, we could even see misunderstanding in their mythical gods that mostly resembles human character. But through a dream, the

Indicte behaviors that hold a team back and what role a leader ship Essay

Indicte behaviors that hold a team back and what role a leader ship process might play in strengthening those areas - Essay Example Leadership is all about building peak performing teams, teams focused on accomplishing goals. Leaders are able to effectively communicate and motivate the team to perform the set goals. Professionalism provides the tools needed to develop essential skills required for personal and team success. Focusing on building skills such as professionalism, effective communication, time management and organization, helps leaders develop a productive team ready to provide a positive contribution to the success of the organization (Vital Learning, N.D.). Many organizations struggle, not from lack of advanced information -- rather, they never really master these basics. One of the responsibilities of a leader is to motivate the team to all work together towards the common goal. This can be a daunting challenge. So often the team is comprised of very diverse members, each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and work styles. The team dynamics are also often complicated by internal disagreements and personal conflicts. The leader, not only has work with this group of people, but also needs to achieve the results expected by their superiors. Leaders can benefit by being able to identify the types of personality characteristics of team members. By understanding the basic personality types, the leader can use individual strengths of members for the good of the team, as well as assign tasks that individual team members naturally excel in. A leader can also learn to communicate in a way that is motivating, by taking into account the needs, values and working preferences of different team members (PointShop.com, 2006). Besides, regular positive and negative feedback from the team members will also help in improving and understanding the needs of the team. For many individuals, every day life activities, including work related activities, are impaired due to a lack of, or untrained organizational skills. What can be done to develop or improve organizational

The Public Need to Know Essay Example for Free

The Public Need to Know Essay Research has shown that children born in the 2000‘s have a 1-3 chance of developing type two diabetes, and 7% of obese five to seventeen year olds has at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease. â€Å"Over the past 30 years childhood obesity has more than tripled in the United States. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, obesity in children is one of the easiest medical conditions to recognize but most difficult to treat. (Wittman,2010 pg.75).† are now federal guidelines now in place that all school are required to meet. These new federal nutrition guidelines are now tough, due to the changes in state and federal laws the government has banned the use of pesticides in crop growing. The federal government has finally step in and made new laws to save the children of our future. Infusing the new health and nutrition program to ensure meals are well balanced and nutritional for students growth and development is one of the best thing they come have ever implemented, many of these new meal requirements as part of their â€Å"program nutrition standards set forth by the USDA require most schools to increase the availability of whole grains, fat-free and low-fat fluid milk in school meals; reduce the levels of sodium, saturated fat and Tran’s fat in meals; and meets the nutritional needs of school children within their calorie requirements (Johnson, RK, et al. 1998).† This brochure will identify the economy issues, special need for the students been served, developing a standard health and nutrition menu for schools and the benefits of changes that’s have been made in the school lunch menu. Some of economy issues for school lunch and breakfast pr ograms were re-authorized with significant improvements to make it easier for eligible children to be enrolled. By doing the re-authorization will allow underprivileged children in families that receiving government asseds to automatically receive free school meals without having to complete an application, and school districts will have to review a sample of applications more carefully to make sure families are  eligible. With nutrition and health meals in school that are high in fat, sodium, cholesterol and they were very unhealthy meals. All of this was done to cut the cost of foods. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) that started in 2006 was the second largest food and nutrition assistance program which and provided over 28 million low-cost or free lunches to children on a typical school day at a Federal cost of $8 billion for the year (Economic Research Report 1998). The NSLP report provides background information on the, including historical trends and participant characteristics. It also addresses steps being taken to meet challenges facing administrators of the program, including tradeoffs between nutritional quality of foods served, costs, and participation, as well as between program access and program integrity. The special need is for students to be offer a variety of healthy foods in school meal and snack programs that will prevent childhood obesity and diabetes. Schools are required by law to offer school meals and snacks that are consistent with the federal government’s dietary guidelines. Having these programs has allowed students to develop healthy eating habits and to learn to enjoy many different foods. Healthier meals provide energy and nutrients for students. These are special needs because schools where given students food that was unhealthy and causing childhood deaths. These new programs that have been enforced has help decrease childhood diabetes and obesity. FIGURE 5-1 Excerpt from a late version of the Menu Development spreadsheet for estimating and evaluating the average daily energy and nutrient content that would be provided by possible meal patterns for breakfast, using preliminary targets for schoolchildren ages 5–10 years kindergarten through grade 5. (Joh nson, RK, 1998 pg. 295) TABLE M-6 Sample Lunch Menus: High School MONDAY| TUESDAY| WEDNESDAY| THURSDAY| FRIDAY| WEEK 1| | | | | Choice of:| Choice of:| Choice of:| Choice of:| Choice of:| Sloppy Joe (3.6 oz) on WW Roll| Regular or Spicy Chicken Strips (3oz)| Pineapple Glazed Turkey Ham (2 oz)| Nachos Grande with Tortilla Chips (2 oz)| Teriyaki Chicken Dippers (3 oz) with White Rice (1 c)| Cheese Lasagna (1oz) with Marinara Sauce ( ½ c)| Chicken Patty (2.5 oz) on WW Roll| Hamburger (2.7 oz) on Bun| Chicken Patty (2.5oz) on WW Roll| Corn Dog  (4oz)| Assorted Pizza (6.3oz)| Assorted Pizza (6.3 oz)| Assorted Pizza (6.3oz)| Assorted Pizza (6.3 oz)| Assorted Pizza (6.3 oz)| Cheeseburger (2.7oz meat, 1 oz RF cheddar cheese) on Bun| Grilled Chicken Salad (2 oz chicken, 2 oz black beans, 1 c spinach, cherry tomato)| Chef Salad (1 oz turkey, 1 oz ham, 0.5 oz LF cheese,  ½ egg, 1 c dark green leafy blend, cherry tomato, cucumber)| Taco Salad (2 oz taco meat, 1 oz shredded cheddar, 0.25 oz tortilla chips, 1 c dark green leafy blend)| Black Bean Salad ( ½ cromaine, 2 oz black beans, 1⠁„8 c corn, 1⠁„8 c p ineapple)| Deli Roll Salad (1oz turkey, 1 oz LF cheese, 1 c romaine blend, tomato)| Sub Sandwich (1.5 oz turkey, 0.5 oz RF cheese) on Hoagie Bun (4†)| Roast Beef Sub (2 oz roast beef, 1 oz RF cheese, romaine leaf, tomato) on WW Hoagie Bun (5†)| Veggie Sandwich (2 oz RF cheese, lettuce, tomato, cucumber) on Hoagie Roll (5†)| Deli Turkey Sub (2 oz turkey, 1 oz RF cheese, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, red onion) on WW Hoagie Roll (5†)| Sub Sandwich (0.75oz turkey ham, 0.75 oz turkey salami, 0.75 oz turkey bologna, 0.5 RF cheese) on WW Hoagie Roll (5†)| Veggie Wrap (romaine, 2 oz monterey jack cheese, cucumber, red pepper, tomato, matchstick carrots) in WW Tortilla| Buffalo Chicken Wrap (2.5 oz chicken, 1 oz LF cheese, romaine leaf, 1 oz ranch dressing) in WW Tortilla| Turkey Club Wrap (2 oz turkey, 1 oz RF cheese, lettuce, tomato, 1 oz ranch dressing) in WW Tortilla| Italian Wrap (1 oz turkey salami, 1 oz turkey ham, 1 oz LF cheese, romaine leaf, tomato) in W W Tortilla| | Green Beans ( ½ c)| Sweet Potatoes ( ½ c)| | Baked Potato Wedges ( ½ c)| Vegetarian Beans ( ½ c)| Fresh Mini Carrots ( ½ c)| Fresh Zucchini Slices ( ½ c)| Golden Corn ( ½c)| Sliced Summer Squash ( ½ c)| Developing a standard health and nutrition menu for schools involve there were five major steps taken to help develop the menu : (1) consideration of the adequacy of the meal planning approaches in current use; (2) the selection of the new meal planning approach; (3) the identification of an established food pattern guide to serve as a basis for school meal patterns for planning menus that are consistent with Dietary Guidelines for Americans; (4) the design and use of spreadsheets to test possible meal patterns against the preliminary nutrition targets established in Chapter 4; and (5) the testing of a series of possible standards for menu planning and evaluation of the resulting menus in terms of nutrient content, cost, and suitability for school meals (School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy  Children) The benefits of these programs are typically acquired during person’s childhood according to The Dairy Council. Therefore, healthier school lunches would lead to healthier nutritional choices throughout childrens entire lifetimes. By making healthy school lunches the norm as opposed to the exception, children will inadvertently learn about nutrition and healthy eating. The reverse is also true; children who are provided with sugary, fatty foods at school can develop poor eating habits that can last a lifetime but by have this program is has decrease childhood diabetes and cholesterol. References Wittman, Demand Media; Candy Vs. Vegetables Healthy, Unprocessed Lunch Choices, 2010 Johnson, RK, et al. Journal of Child Nutrition and Management, 1998. 2:95-100. Gettlinger, MJ, et al. Journal of the American Dietetic Association,

A micro assembler for a processor

A micro assembler for a processor INTRODUCTION A micro assembler (sometimes called a meta-assembler) is acomputer programthat helps prepare amicroprogramto control the low level operation of a computer in much the same way anassemblerhelps prepare higher level code for aprocessor. The difference is that the microprogram is usually only developed by the processor manufacturer and works intimately with the hardware. The microprogram defines theinstruction setany normal program (including bothapplication programsandoperating systems) is written in. The use of a microprogram allows the manufacturer to fix certain mistakes, including working aroundhardwaredesign errors, without modifying the hardware. Another means of employing micro assembler-generated micro programs is in allowing the same hardware to run differentinstruction sets. After it is assembled, the microprogram is then loaded to astore to become part of the logic of aCPUscontrol unit. Some micro assemblers are more generalized and are not targeted at single computer architecture. For example, through the use of macro-assembler-like capabilities,Digital Equipment Corporationused theirMICRO2micro assembler for a very wide range of computer architectures and implementations. If a given computer implementation supports awriteable control store, the micro assembler is usually provided to customers as a means of writing customized microcode. Ã ¨ Computer programs(softwareprograms) areinstructionsfor acomputer.A computer requires programs to function, typicallyexecutingthe programs instructions in acentral processor.The program has anexecutableform that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-readable sourceform, from whichexecutableprograms are derived (e.g.,compiled), enables aprogrammerto study and develop itsalgorithms. Computer source code is often written by professionalcomputer programmers. Source code is written in aprogramming languagethat usually follows one of two mainparadigms:imperativeordeclarativeprogramming. Source code may be converted into anexecutable file(sometimes called an executable program or a binary) by acompiler. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed by acentral processing unitwith the aid of aninterpreter, or may beembeddeddirectly intohardware. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: A program written in assembly language it basically contain of a series ofinstructions- mnemonics that correspond to a stream of executable instructions, when translated by anassembler that can be loaded into memory and executed. For example, anx86/IA-32processor execute the below instruction as given inmachine language. Binary: 10110000 01100001 (Hexadecimal: B0 61) The mnemonic move it tells the opcode1011tomovesthe value in the 2nd operand into the register. Transforming the assembly language into the machine code is done by anassembler, and the vice versa by this assembler. In High-level language, there is usually aone to one relationbetween simple assembly logics and machine language instructions. But, in few cases, an assembler provides instructionswhich will expand into several machine code instructions to provide its functionality. Eachcomputer structureandprocessor designhas its own machine understanding language. Each instruction is simple enough to be executed using a relatively small number of electronic circuits. System may differ by the type of operations they support. For example, a new 64-bit (AMD processor) machine will have different structure from a 32-bit (Intel processor) machine. They also have different size structure and the different storage structure. Multiple collection ofmnemonics codesor assembly-language code may exist for a single instruction set, typically instantiated in different assembler programs. In thes e cases, the most popular one is usually that supplied by the manufacturer and used in its documentation. ASSEMBLER The advancedassemblercreatesobject codeby translating assembly instruction mnemonics intoop codes, and by resolvingsymbolic namesfor memory locations and other entities.The use of symbolic references is only the key feature of assemblers, saving tuff calculations and manual address. Most assemblers also includemacrofacilities for performing textual substitution. E.g.: To generate common short sequences of instructions to runinline, instead of in asubroutine. Assemblers are easier to write thancompilersforHLL. Advanced assemblers, like RISCbased architectures, such asMIPS, SunSPARC, and HPPA-RISC, it optimizeinstruction schedulingto exploit theCPU pipelineefficiently. There are two types of assemblers, based upon how many passes through the source are needed to produce the executable program. One-pass assemblers go through the source code once at a time and assume that all symbols will be defined before any instruction that references them. Two-pass assemblers create a table with all unresolved symbols in the first pass, and then use the 2nd pass to resolve these addresses. The advantage in the one-pass assemblers is about its speed, which is not as important as it once was with advances in computer speed and capabilities. The advantage of the two-pass assembler is that symbols can be defined anywhere in the program source so its an easier way to understand the user. Its results to the program can be defined in a more logical and meaningful way. It will make two-pass assembler programs easier to read and maintain. More sophisticatedhigh-level assemblersprovide language abstractions such as: Advanced control structures. High-level procedure declarations and invocations. High-level abstract data types, including structures, unions, classes, and sets. Sophisticated macro processing. Object-Orientedfeatures such asencapsulation,polymorphism,inheritance,interfaces. Heres how it works: Most computers come with a specified set of very basic instructions that correspond to the basic machine operations that the computer can perform. For example, a Load instruction causes the processor to move a string of bits from a location in the processorsmemoryto a special holding place called aregister. The programmer can write a program using a sequence of these assembler instructions. This sequence of assembler instructions, known as thesource codeor source program, is then specified to the assembler program when that program is started. The assembler program takes each program statement in the source program and generates a corresponding bit stream or pattern. The output of the assembler program is called theobject codeor object program relative to the input source program. The object program can then be run whenever desired. Earlier programmers actually wrote programs in machine code, but assembler languages or instruction sets were soon developed to speed up programming field. Today, assembler programming is used only where very efficient control over processor operations is needed. It requires knowledge of a particular computers instruction set. Historically, most programs have been written in higher-level languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and C. These languages are easier to learn and faster to write programs with than assembler language. MICROASSEMBLER A micro assembler also called as meta-assembler. It is a kind of program which helps prepare a micro program to control the low level operation of a computer in much the same way an assembler helps prepare higher level code for a processor. The use of a micro program allows the manufacturer to fix certain mistakes, in hardware design also. Another means of employing micro assembler-generated micro programs is in allowing the same hardware to run different instruction sets. When it is assembled, the micro program is then loaded to a control store to become part of the logic of a CPUs control unit. Some micro assemblers are more generalized and are not targeted at single computer architecture. For example, the use of macro-assembler likes capabilities, Digital Equipment Corporation used their MICRO2 micro assembler for a very wide range of computer architectures. THE ASSEMBLER USED BY THE MICROSOFT (MASM) MASM is a Microsofts assembler and abbreviation used for it is Macro Assembler. MASM is a very powerful macro feature, and is capable of writing very low-level syntax, and pseudo-high-level code with its macro feature. MASM 6.15 is currently available as a free-download from Microsoft site. MASM is a one of the Microsoft development tools that are targeted 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit platforms. Versions 6.1 and 6.11 included Phar Laps TNT DOS extender so that MASM could run in MS-DOS. MASM will write in Intel Syntax. MASM is used by Microsoft to implement some low-level portions of its Windows Operating systems. MASM, contrary to popular belief, has been in constant development since 1980, and is upgraded on a needs-basis. MASM has always been made compatible by Microsoft to the current platform, and executable file types. MASM currently supports all Intel instruction sets, including SSE2. MAL (MICRO ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE): It describes about the lexical, syntactic, and semantic elements of the language, and gives a focus on microprogramming with the mic1 micro-assembler. Lexical: Most assembly language such as Micro-Assembly Language is a line-oriented language. Each micro-instruction is generally defined on a single line of the program file. The end-of-line is generally significant. It is a case-sensitive. For example, AND is a reserved word Corresponding to a bitwise operation of the mic1 ALU, while and is not reserved and may be used as a label Comments The comments will begin with two slash characters (//) and continue to the end of the line. Blank lines and lines consisting only of white space and comments are ignored by the micro-assembler. Directive Directives for the micro-assembler begin with a period character (.) and may contain alphabetic characters. There are two micro-assembler directives: .default and .label. Directives are used to provide guide the behavior of the micro-assembler, and do not correspond with words in the control store. Reserved Words The names of registers and control lines are reserved, as are the words if, else, goto, nop, AND, OR, and NOT. For the mic1 architecture, the following words are reserved and may not be used as statement labels: MAR MDR PC Fetch If Else goto nop AND OR NOT MORE ABOUT THE MICRO ASSEMBLER: Micro Assembler is Integrated Development Environment for assembly programming. Micro Assembler has a much easier syntax than any of the major assemblers, a great combination for beginners. Micro Assembler is a Windows based application so you can enjoy user-friendly Windows environment. APPLICATIONS Hard-coded assembly language is typically used in a systemsboot ROM(BIOSon IBM-compatiblePCsystems). This low-level code is used, among other things, to initialize and test the system hardware prior to booting the OS, and is stored inROM. Once a certain level of hardware initialization has taken place, execution transfers to other code, typically written in higher level languages; but the code running immediately after power is applied is usually written in assembly language. The same is true of mostboot loaders. Many compilers render high-level languages into assembly first before fully compiling, allowing the assembly code to be viewed fordebuggingand optimization purposes. Relatively low-level languages, such asC, often provide specialsyntaxto embed assembly language directly in the source code. Programs using such facilities, such as theLinux kernel, can then construct abstractions utilizing different assembly language on each hardware platform. The systemsportablecode can then utilize these processor-specific components through a uniform interface. Assembly language is also valuable inreverse engineering, since many programs are distributed only in machine code form, and machine code is usually easy to translate into assembly language and carefully examine in this form, but very difficult to translate into a higher-level language. Tools such as theInteractive Disassemblermake extensive use of disassembly for such a purpose. A particular niche that makes use of assembly language is thedemo scene. Certain competitions require the contestants to restrict their creations to a very small size (e.g. 256B, 1KB, 4KB or 64 KB), and assembly language is the language of choice to achieve this goal.When resources, particularly CPU-processing constrained systems, like the earlierAmiga models, and theCommodore 64, are a concern, assembler coding is a must: optimized assembler code is written by hand and instructions are sequenced manually by thecodersin an attempt to minimize the number of CPU cycles used; the CPU constraints are so great that every CPU cycle counts. However, using such techniques has enabled systems like the Commodore 64 to produce real-time3D graphicswith advanced effects, a feat which might be considered unlikely or even impossible for a system with a 0.99MHzprocessor BENEFITS OF IT: The micro programmed Data General Eclipse S/200 computer is available with a writable control store. The WCS feature of the Eclipse is having extension of the micro programmed control logic of the computers central processing unit. It allows a user to implement specialized instructions at a very low level. Its use is however, discouraged since Data General does not provide software support for the WCS feature. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Microprogramming with the Eclipse Computer WCS feature Corporation, 1974. www.wikipedia.com www.google.com www.ontko.com Answers.com. assembly language: Definition and Much More from Answers.com. Retrieved 2008-06-19. NESHLA: The High Level, Open Source, 6502 Assembler for the Nintendo Entertainment System Eidolons Inn : SegaBase Saturn